Cryptogenic Stroke: When a Stroke Has No Obvious Cause
Reviewed by Dr Edgar Tay, interventional cardiologist and structural heart specialist at Asian Heart & Vascular Centre. Last reviewed September 2026. Reading time: about 8 minutes. TL;DR About one stroke in four has no identified cause after a full investigation, and is then called cryptogenic. In younger patients a patent foramen ovale (PFO), a small […]
Hole in the Heart (PFO) in Singapore: Do You Need It Closed?
Reviewed by Dr Edgar Tay, interventional cardiologist and structural heart specialist at Asian Heart & Vascular Centre. Last reviewed August 2026. Reading time: about 10 minutes. TL;DR A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a small flap-like opening between the two upper chambers of the heart that everyone has before birth and that fails to seal […]